Speech by the President of the Government at the extraordinary Plenary Session of the Lower House of Parliament, held due to the urgency of the matters in hand and because it is an acting government, to discuss the European Council meetings of 18 and 19 February and 17 and 18 March

Lower House of Parliament, Madrid

Mr Speaker, Honourable Members,

I appear before the plenary session of the Lower House to report on the European Council meetings of February and March this year, as well as the European Union-Turkey summit meeting on 18 March.

At the first European Council meeting on 18 and 19 February, we discussed a new settlement for the United Kingdom in the European Union.

As the honourable members will recall, in January 2013 Prime Minister Cameron announced his intention to negotiate and subsequently submit the result to a referendum by the British people by the end of 2017. After some intense negotiations, on 18 and 19 February the heads of state and government supported a decision with a number of attached statements, establishing this new settlement for the United Kingdom in the European Union, which is divided into four areas: economic governance, competitiveness, sovereignty and social benefits and free movement of persons.

Before going into what has been agreed in each of these sections, I would like to highlight the context in which these negotiations have taken place: the decision of Prime Minister Cameron to subject a new charter for the United Kingdom in the European Union to a referendum, in accordance with the concerns he expressed in these four areas, and his willingness to request a favourable vote for remaining in the European Union, conditioned upon a satisfactory response to each of these.

With respect to economic governance, the decision establishes a safeguard to prevent possible discrimination against natural or legal persons in the EU according to the currency used by their Member State. It also incorporates a guarantee that taxpayers of Member States whose currency is not the euro will not be responsible for the operations supporting the common currency.

Neither of these two proposals presents any difficulties, as the principle of non-discrimination has been recognised in the treaties as one of the basic principles of the Union, and the non-participation of member states whose currency is not the euro in the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) or the previous European Financial Stability Fund has already been established.

In this area a safeguard mechanism has also been introduced for the "non-euro" states which will allow them to communicate to the Council their opposition to measures whose adoption is governed by a qualified majority within the Council, if they consider that their interests may be harmed as a result of them not participating in the common currency. In accordance with the planned mechanism, after due notification to the Council it will be obliged to search for a more extensive basis for the agreement within a reasonable time and without altering the legislative schedule.

Among the initiatives planned to extend the base of the agreement, a possibility has been considered of deferring the issue to the European Council for discussion; but in no case will this mean that the "non-euro" states have a right of veto, nor will it limit the capacity of the euro states to take decisions they consider appropriate for the proper operation of Economic and Monetary Union.

The second section deals with competitiveness and repeats the aim of achieving a more competitive Union for the goal of growth and job creation, and a European Union that deepens the internal market and reaches broad trade agreements, as well as managing to reduce the regulatory burden on companies. These proposals have given rise to a broad consensus with respect to the terms expressed in the decision. Achieving a competitive European Union at a global level is a goal that we all share.

However, the third section, dedicated to sovereignty, led to greater debate, as one of the proposals of Prime Minister Cameron involved rejecting the essence of the European project, "an ever closer union between the peoples of Europe," which as you know is included in Article 1 of the Treaty on European Union. Finally, the agreement reached recognises that in the light of the specific situation established in the Treaties, the United Kingdom is not committed to greater political integration within the Union. The reference to "an ever closer union" is compatible with different paths and allows a deeper level of integration for those that share this vision of their common future.

On this section it was also agreed to strengthen the role of the national parliaments in controlling respect for the principle of subsidiarity through a new mechanism. This mechanism involves Member States suspending the examination of a draft legislative act when reasoned decisions of national parliaments that indicate the principle of subsidiarity is not being complied with, represent more than 55% of the votes attributed to these parliaments. This does not represent a substantial change in relation to Protocol No. 2 on the application of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality.

The fourth and final section has been, honourable members, the most controversial. It deals with social benefits and free movement. This constitutes one of the fundamental elements of the British concerns, as well as those of the rest of the partners. Following intense discussions, the following was decided:

• The adoption of appropriate temporary measures on free movement of persons, in the corresponding Acts of Accession for new partners.

• The awareness that the Member States may adopt measures to prevent fraud or abuse of the right to free movement, such as marriages of convenience, fictitious residences in another state of the European Union or forged documents.

• The next presentation was also agreed by the European Commission on a proposal to amend the Regulation on the coordination of social security systems, which will include the option for Member States to index the benefits received by minors to the standard of living of the Member State in which they live. It is a planned measure designed for situations where benefits for minors that do not reside in the worker's Member State are transferred to another state. This measure will be applied only to new workers. What is important is that the Commission declared it will not propose this measure in the future in relation to other Social Security benefits such as pensions.

• Also agreed was the next presentation by the Commission of a proposed amendment to the Regulation on free movement of workers within the Union. It introduces a warning mechanism that responds to situations of exceptional mass inflows, and to prolonged inflows of workers from other Member States, affecting essential aspects of their Social Security system. In this case, at the proposal of the Commission, the Council may authorise the Member State in question to restrict, as far as necessary, access to the non-contributory benefits linked to the exercise of a professional activity.

This proposal, which was the most controversial, was in the end only approved after the introduction of some guarantees. These are as follows:

• The restriction refers exclusively to non-contributory benefits; in no case, to Social Security benefits.

• It is for a limited period of time, for a maximum of four years for each worker.

• It is always for future workers and never retroactive.

• It will be introduced gradually, so the worker involved will be steadily become eligible to receive the full assistance.

• Finally, there will be appropriate procedural guarantees: the decision may not be taken by a Member State if the Commission has not formulated the appropriate proposal and without the required authorisation approved by the Council; and it will be for a maximum period of seven years.

Honourable members,

According to the data from our consulates, of the Spanish people who work in the United Kingdom only 4,620 would have asked for some kind of social benefit to February 2015. Of these, 2,120 Spanish people received unemployment benefits that will not be affected by the agreement reached.

So, honourable members, the number of Spanish workers who will be affected is very limited because, when the time comes, it will only affect the new workers who enter the labour market and because social benefits referred to are exclusively welfare benefits, of a non-contributory nature.

Finally, I should specify that this does not constitute a reform of the Treaties and that what has been agreed will only be implemented if the result of the referendum of 23 June keeps the United Kingdom within the Union.

Honourable members,

Behind these negotiations lies the shared desire of maintaining the United Kingdom as a member of the European Union; but most importantly, of at the same time preserving the principles, values and objectives that constitute the essence of the Union and to which Spain is fully committed.

Honourable members,

I believe that the content of the decision reflects its respect for this twin condition. At this time, we wish a fruitful debate for the British people with respect to the referendum that is planned to be held on 23 June. I believe in any case that the interests of Europe, the interests of Spain and the interests of the Spanish people who live in the United Kingdom will be better served if the United Kingdom remains in the European Union.

Honourable members,

I will now report to you on the European Union-Turkey Summit of 18 March, as well as the European Council meeting in March at which we debated the following subjects: first of all, migration and the priorities that define economic actions at national level, which the March European Council always approves as part of the normal procedures for economic policies within the scope of the European semester.

As the honourable members are aware, this European Council meeting was the ninth to deal with the question of migration, which shows to what extent migration is one of the biggest challenges, if not the biggest, that the European Union is currently facing. Without doubt, we can say that we have taken decisive steps that bring us closer to dealing with it appropriately.

With respect to the European Union-Turkey Summit, and to understand the framework within which it is being carried out, we have to go back to the previous Summit of 7 March, which was followed by an Informal Meeting of Heads of State and Government. The aim of this Summit was for the institutions, Member States and Turkey to analyze the operation of the Joint Action Plan that had been agreed with Turkey on 29 November 2015, and which is key for resolving the current migration and refugee crisis.

On the morning of 7 March, the Turkish Prime Minister, Mr Davutoğlu, presented a proposal that the heads of state and government of the 28 countries had not seen, and therefore had not had the opportunity to analyse. At the end of the subsequent informal meeting of the EU-28, and after a long debate session, the heads of state and government of the European Union issued a statement, not an agreement. In this text, and here I quote, we decided "to work on the basis of the principles contained in this proposal", and in this respect, we gave a mandate to the president of the European Council, Mr Tusk, to negotiate a future text with the Turkish authorities, that will "respect European and international law."

In an almost immediate reaction, at the Permanent Representatives Committee meetings of 9 and 11 March, and the preparatory councils, in particular the Justice and Home Affairs Council on 10 and 11 March, and the General Affairs Council of 15 March, Spain, together with many other countries, expressed its concern that the agreement that is finally reached should scrupulously respect international and European law. Spain warned that it could not accept solutions that did not fully respect both European and international law.

As part of this unavoidable respect for international and European law, Spain insisted on three fundamental principles: the necessary respect for the principle of non-refoulement, the prohibition on mass returns and the individual review of asylum applications.

Honourable members,

As you know, asylum is a right that is recognised by the European Convention on Human Rights of 1950, the Geneva Convention of 1951, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, articles 78 to 80 of the Treaty of Functioning of the European Union, Directive 2103/32/EU on common procedures for granting or withdrawing international protection and Directive 2008/115 on common standards and procedures for returning illegally present third-country nationals.

These regulations include the principles required by Spain. They prohibit mass returns, guarantee the individual processing of asylum applications and enshrine the principles of "non-refoulement"; in other words, honourable members, that non-one may be returned, expelled from or extradited to a country where he or she runs a serious risk of being subject to the death penalty, torture or other inhuman or degrading penalties or treatment.

As well as these essential concerns, Spain has insisted in all the preparatory work that it is fundamental for Turkey to control its external borders effectively and combat the mafias that make a profit from people trafficking. Spain's action has always been guided by the objectives of saving human life, ensuring protection for those in need, providing sufficient protection for external borders and offering legal channels for immigration that represent a alternative for people who may decide to risk their lives and physical integrity to reach Europe.

Two other aspects we have insisted on are the following:

• Liberalisation of visas for Turkish citizens who want to enter a Schengen territory should only take place after the Commission informs about compliance with requirements that are included in the roadmap for these matters.

• With respect to the opening of new chapters in Turkey's accession negotiations, Spain considers that progress must depend on compliance by Turkey with the "Copenhagen criteria", particularly in the area of the rule of law and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

Honourable members,

As you know, before the European Council meeting, the State Secretary for the European Union appeared here before the Joint Commission for the European Union, on 16 March. As we are an acting government, we needed the agreement of the House to be able to negotiate, and then approve, the text presented to the heads of state and government of the European Council.

At the meeting of 16 March, the Joint Commission for the European Union unanimously adopted an Institutional Statement containing the following main elements:

- Spain firmly opposes the adoption of any agreement with Turkey that involves direct or indirect collective expulsions.

- Any expulsion to Turkey will only be possible once the corresponding procedure for individual asylum with full guarantees is concluded.

- Compliance with international law, respect for human rights, European asylum legislation and the principle of non-return must be guaranteed.

- The control mechanisms on the real destination of economic aid for refugees must be strengthened.

- There must be progress in implementing the relocation, resettlement, and establishment of legal channels for arriving to the European Union.

- A review has to be carried out of the number of refugees to be received by the European Union, depending on how the crisis develops.

- Measures must be promoted to protect individuals at risk, particularly unaccompanied minors or women who are victims of gender violence.

- The European Union must help European host and transit countries.

- The asylum policy must move towards "Communitarisation", making it a truly common European policy, with the development of a European Asylum System.

Honourable members,

I went to Brussels with this mandate, whose elements coincide with what Spain had been defending until then, and I defended this Spanish position at the EU-Turkey summit and at the European Council meeting of 17 and 18 March.

Immediately prior to the meeting, we were presented with a project for a European Union-Turkey statement, which to my understanding did not satisfy Spanish demands, as included in the Institutional Statement adopted by the Joint Commission and that we had supported at previous meetings. That is why, in line with the mandate granted by the honourable members, I asked that two fundamental questions should be explicitly included: the express prohibition on mass returns and, above all, an express reference to the individual review of asylum applications, so that there would be no doubt that asylum applicants who arrive on the Greek islands should be subject to an individualised and personalised procedure, never a collective one, in line with international and European law.

After ensuring that these two references should be included - others had been included in the preparatory meetings - I was able to support the rest of the Statement. I will now outline its main elements to you:

1. As a temporary and exceptional measure, all new irregular migrants crossing from Turkey to the Greek islands as from 20 March 2016 will be returned to Turkey. This will take place in full accordance with international and EU law, thus excluding any kind of collective expulsion and in respect of the principle of non-refoulement. This complies with the first mandate of the Institutional Statement of the Joint Commission for the European Union.

The migrants will be duly registered by the Greek authorities, who will process all the asylum applications individually, in accordance with the Asylum Procedures Directive, in cooperation with UNHCR, thus complying with the second point of the Parliamentary Statement.

All this process must be carried out, and all the parties involved must act, in full conformity with international and European Union law, so that all the migrants will be protected in accordance with all the pertinent international laws and with respect for the principle of non-refoulement.

Migrants who do not apply for asylum, or whose request has been considered unfounded or inadmissible in accordance with the Directive just mentioned, will be returned to Turkey.

To start this process, Turkey and Greece will receive assistance from European Union institutions, but it will be these two countries that will in the end agree on the necessary bilateral measures and mechanisms. The cost of the return operations of irregular migrants will be covered by the European Union.

2. For every Syrian returned to Turkey from the Greek islands, another Syrian will be resettled from Turkey to the European Union, taking into account the United Nations Vulnerability Criteria. This latter reference was also introduced at the request of Spain and as a result of the Institutional Statement that urged us to promote measures to protect individuals at risk: unaccompanied minors and women who are victims of gender violence.

The European Union undertakes to carry out this resettlement in compliance with the commitments acquired in July 2015, and also covering all additional resettlement needs through a similar voluntary agreement. This complies with the mandate contained in the Statement to promote the establishment of additional secure channels for arrival and resettlement of refugees.

3. Turkey undertakes to take any necessary measures to prevent new sea or land routes for illegal migration opening from Turkey to the EU, and will cooperate with neighbouring states to this effect.

4. Once the mass inflows of people between Turkey and the Union have ended, a voluntary humanitarian admission scheme will be activated.

5. The fulfilment of the visa liberalisation roadmap will be accelerated with a view to lifting the visa requirements for Turkish citizens at the latest by the end of June 2016, provided that all benchmarks have been met. I would like to note again that the commitment to Turkey expressly includes that the key benchmarks have to be met. Compliance with them, as Spain has upheld, is a sine qua non for moving forward with the visa liberalisation. In addition, following a positive assessment by the Commission, the final decision will be made by the European Parliament and the Council.

6. The EU, in close cooperation with Turkey, will further speed up the disbursement of the initially allocated 3 billion euros under the financial facility for Turkey. A first list will be drawn up of concrete projects to improve the situation of refugees, notably in the field of health, education, infrastructure and food. Only once these resources have been used to the full, and provided that the above commitments are met, the EU will mobilise additional funding of three billion euros up to the end of 2018.

In short, the European Union and Spain wanted to achieve the following goals with the European Union-Turkey statement of 18 March:

• As the first and primordial goal, to prevent the loss of human life, dissuading people from exposing themselves to trips that are extremely dangerous for their physical safety and their lives. Last year 805 people lost their lives in crossing the Aegean, and so far this year there have already been 531 fatalities.

• Second, to combat the mafias that traffic with human lives, and to undermine their business model.

• Third and last, and this is particularly important, to offer people who may receive international protection a legal and secure method of applying for asylum in the EU through a resettlement process.

In this way, refugees will not need to risk their lives to come to Europe. This is the logic of the "one for one" formula. In addition, once the uncontrolled flow of arrivals has been stopped and it is no longer necessary to continue with the "one for one" mechanism, the resettlement programme will continue through a new Humanitarian Admission Scheme. This guarantees a legal and safe way of coming to the EU without endangering people's lives and physical safety.

Honourable members,

This government has complied with the mandate contained in the Institutional Statement approved by all the parliamentary parties on 16 March, as it has introduced the following guarantees into the European Union-Turkey statement: rigorous respect for European and international law, and express exclusion of any kind of collective expulsion; individualised processing of the asylum applications; and special attention to the people who are most vulnerable.

In addition, as I indicated at the start of my speech, and as you undoubtedly know very well, as well as the Turkey Summit, a European Council meeting was held on 17 and 18 March, which tackled other fundamental aspects of migration. I will now outline the most notable of these:

• The European Council has confirmed its global approach for dealing with the migratory crisis. In this it is in line with what Spain has always supported: the need to face this challenge comprehensively, taking into account all the aspects of the migration phenomenon.

• The European Council has also asked for work to continue on what are called the "hotspots". Spain considers that fully operational hotspots are essential for the registration and identification of asylum seekers, as an essential first step towards their relocation. They are therefore necessary to increase the European Union's capacity for reception and thus to speed up the relocation process.

• The Conclusions ask for all the measures to be used to support Greece's capacity to register, identify, process asylum applications and possible return to Turkey of migrants whose asylum applications have been rejected, as part of the protocol for Greek-Turkish readmission and the EU-Turkey readmission agreement. The Member States also undertook to provide Greece as soon as possible with the resources needed to apply the EU-Turkey statement effectively, including border agents, asylum experts and interpreters. Spain has already sent a formal proposal to the Commission to contribute in applying the commitments derived from this statement and the European Council of 17 and 18 March.

• In addition, urgent assistance has been offered to help Greece improve the situation suffered by refugees, and Member States have been invited to make additional contributions within the framework of the Civil Protection Mechanism. Spain is one of the twelve Member States that have made contributions to Greece under this specific framework of the Civil Protection Mechanism. In this respect, the speedy adoption of the Regulation creating an instrument for emergency aid earmarked with 700 million euros, is considered an important step forward.

On another front, honourable members, the European Council expressly repeated that it expects Turkey to respect the highest standards when it comes to democracy, the rule of law and respect of fundamental freedoms, including freedom of expression.

I would also like to recall that the heads of state and government have not forgotten in the Conclusions our commitment with the whole neighbouring region, which is also suffering the consequences of the mass arrival of illegal migrants and refugees from the Syrian conflict. In this context, we reaffirmed our support to Jordan and Lebanon, and called for cooperation with the countries of the Western Balkans.

In fact, the European Council expressly invited the European Investment Bank to present an initiative to mobilise additional finance quickly to support neighbouring countries in the southern neighbourhood and Western Balkans.

The European Council also announced its vigilance as regards the opening up of new routes for irregular migration. The fight against the mafias that traffic in people must continue to be a priority.

Finally, the heads of state and government showed their satisfaction with the progress made with respect to the European Border and Coast Guard proposal, and on the future architecture of the EU's migration policy, including the Dublin Regulation.

Honourable members,

Before continuing with the other issues addressed at the European Council meeting, I would like to stress that the challenge being faced by Europe is enormous; but if there is any country that is prepared to respond to this challenge, it is Spain; because that is the wish and desire of the Spanish people, and because I am convinced it will always be the focus of its government's efforts, whatever that government may be.

As the honourable members will recall, this is not the first time that the European Union has faced this problem. Spain suffered a similar crisis when in 2006 some 36,000 people risked their lives to arrive illegally by boat from West Africa to the Canary Islands, and overwhelmed our country's capacity to receive them. To resolve this crisis successfully Spain adopted a series of measures based on cooperation, including active involvement with countries of origin and transit. Among them are:

- Diplomatic deployment. Spain opened embassies, diplomatic channels, Home Affairs Councils and Technical Cooperation Offices in practically all the countries of origin of the migratory flows from West Africa.

- Migration and development policies were given a firm boost, focusing on assistance in projects for providing training and jobs to young people, thus offering them an alternative to illegal immigration.

- Agreements were also reached to establish labour migration channels and, in particular, circular migration schemes.

- Numerous migration cooperation instruments were concluded, including a large number of agreements for readmission, which are still satisfactorily in force today.

- Joint land and sea patrols were established, and the European Union was directly involved through FRONTEX. Along the same lines, it is worth citing the projects in Africa headed up by Spain and financed by the European Union, fundamentally in the Sahel.

A key piece of this strategy was the return of illegal immigrants to their countries of origin, which had an immediate dissuasive effect.

All this set of operational measures also contributed to the security, stability and governability of the countries in the region. I would like to highlight the date of this crisis and Spain's initial response to it: 2006. It was during the previous Government, but as in any policy of State, it has continued with the current Government.

This action has been very positively valued by our European partners, who recognise our country's know-how over these years. Spain also wanted to share its experience, that of our agents and officials. It has made a commitment to contribute Spanish experts who will collaborate under the leadership of EASO and FRONTEX. The experts will support the work of EASO in the hotspots of Sicily and Lampedusa, as well as the Italian authorities in Rome.

In addition, Spain was one of the promoters of the creation of a trust fund in favour of Africa, something to which I give a great deal of importance. As a result, at the Valetta Summit in November last year, 2015, an emergency 1.8 billion euro European Trust Fund was created to promote stability and address the root causes of irregular migration and for the people displaced in Africa.

Honourable members,

I believe that we are acting in what is certainly a very complex matter that is difficult to address, with responsibility and solidarity.

In September 2015, Spain undertook to relocate nearly 16,000 people from Italy and Greece. This process began to be executed very slowly, sometimes exasperatingly so; but it has been gathering pace over recent weeks. We are among the first countries to demonstrate our willingness to relocate the refugees.

We are one of the fifteen Member States of the European Union with resettlement programmes approved every year, which are developed in collaboration with UNHCR and with the International Migration Organisation and the border countries in conflict zones.

We have to take into account that in 2015 more than 5,000 Syrians and 15,000 people of other nationalities have directly requested the right to asylum in Spain. In the case of Syrians, this represent over a third of all the asylum applications processed by the Ministry of Home Affairs.

We have also adopted additional measures to support the relocation and resettlement process.

The Spanish Government has considerably increased the budget provision for international protection, both in the budget of the Ministry of Home Affairs to resettle and relocate refugees, and that of the Ministry of Employment and Social Security for the national system of reception and integration. With this budget effort Spain plans to be able to receive not only the refugees who arrive at its borders, to whom we referred to before, but also the figures for relocation and resettlement within the European Union.

Honourable members,

On another front, I'll begin the last part of my speech by commenting other issues that were also addressed at the European Council meeting of 18 and 19 March.

Within the scope of the European Semester, and with respect to the coordination of economic policies, the priorities are the same as those of last year: to boost investment, structural reforms and fiscal consolidation compatible with growth.

In this respect, the European Commission's Country Report for the European semester recognises the efforts made by Spain and notes the change in trend of the Spanish economy.

The Commission points out that the main risk is a slowdown in the reforms agenda, and I agree. We have to push forward with reforms such as those that my Government has carried out over these years to continue to grow and create jobs in Spain. I am referring to reforms to improve the competitiveness of our sectors, rewarding them for their innovation and giving them better conditions for success; reforms to favour job creation and for employment to reach more people and be better quality; and reforms to promote business development and entrepreneurship.

There is a great deal of work to do in this area and we also discussed that.

One strategic aspect is the debate on the reform of Economic and Monetary Union and a deepening the single market. It is a discussion in which the Government of Spain has participated actively during the whole period in government. We have always defended an ambitious position. I consider that Europe must make progress towards greater integration of Economic and Monetary Union that guarantees a more efficient operation of the Eurozone and prevents the crisis we have experienced from being repeated.

That is why greater economic integration, greater financial integration and greater fiscal integration are needed. At the end of the day, this means a Fiscal Union with a European budget and the capacity to apply stabilising policies and policies that can boost the economy when necessary. And all this must, of course, be accompanied by greater political integration that guarantees democratic legitimacy in decision-making.

A fundamental part of this integration process is the internal market. We have made progress in aspects as relevant as the Digital Agenda and Energy Union, with major commitments for Spain in the area of interconnections.

Honourable members, I am coming to an end.

All the questions dealt with at these summits, and on which I have reported to you, are important; but I suppose that the Honourable Members will agree with me that for many reasons, the question referring to the refugee crisis has a particular relevance.

Unfortunately, it is not a new phenomenon. Now its size is becoming more critical because of the war in Syria and DAESH; and even if this was resolved quickly, it would remain as a key factor due to our geographical position.

Years ago I was struck by the simile used by the former leader of the Algerian independence movement, Ahmed Ben Bella. He described the Mediterranean as an immense lake that to the north borders a golf course, and on the south a shanty town, and added that Europeans were wrong if they believed that faced with such a reality they can live peacefully behind their walls and ignore this fact.

If at another time the factor that explained demographic pressure from the South to the North were the notable economic differences in the standard of living, today to this factor another is added that involves the most elemental of human rights: the right to life.

And I believe, honourable members, that what is most important is to be aware of that. We are facing a problem that will be with us for a long time; a problem that we have to resolve together, because otherwise it could affect basic aspects of the principles of the European Union. We need a joint response that can transform the problem into a challenge and the challenge into opportunities.

And here I conclude, honourable members. I am open to any questions you may have.

Thank you very much.